Statoil conducted a commercial assay of Grane crude oil from a sample taken Mar. 18, 2012.
The company developed Grane oil field in the North Sea with an integrated accommodation, processing, and drilling platform with a fixed steel frame construction resting on the seabed. The platform sits on Block 25/11, about 185 km west of Haugesund (see inset map), in water 127 m deep.
The field, discovered by Norsk Hydro in 1991 and placed on stream in September 2003, is the first field on the Norwegian continental shelf to produce heavy crude oil (OGJ Online, Sept. 23, 2003).
This oil differs from other types, according to Statoil, in that it occurs in "younger geological formations than what is usual on the continental shelf, namely in sandstone from the Tertiary period, deposited around 60 million years ago."
When Grane field came on stream, Statoil estimated its recoverable reserves to total 700 million bbl of oil.
Partners in Grane are ConocoPhillips Skandinavia (6.17%); ExxonMobil E&P Norway (28.22%); Petoro (28.94%); and Statoil (36.66%), which operates the field.
Transport
Grane oil moves via pipeline to Statoil's Sture terminal in Oygarden, near Bergen in western Norway. The terminal receives production via pipeline from the Oseberg area as well.
Oseberg-area crude and condensate (light oil) move via the 115-km Oseberg Transport System, which starts at the A platform on the field. Crude from Grane travels through the 212-km Grane Oil Pipeline.
At Sture, two jetties can berth tankers up to 300,000 dwt, and five artificial rock caverns can store up to 1 million cu m of crude. In addition, a 60,000-cu m cavern can store LPG, and another ballast water cavern can hold up to 200,000 cu m.
Processing at Sture recovers the lightest components from the crude, which are extracted as an LPG mix (propane and butane) and as naphtha. Stabilized crude and LPG mix are stored in the rock caverns before being shipped out over the jetties.
LPG mix and naphtha are also transported from the terminal through the Vestprosess pipeline to Mongstad.
Whole crude
Density at 15° C., kg/l.: 0.9397
Specific gravity at 60/60° F.: 0.9403
API gravity at 60/60° F.: 19.0
Dry oil density at 15° C., kg/l: 0.9388
Sulfur, mass %: 0.816
Total acid no., mg KOH/g: 2.3
Mercaptan sulfur, mg/kg: 12
Reid vapor pressure, kPa: 17.9
Pour point, °C.: –36
Kin. vis. at 20° C., cst: 308
Kin. vis. at 40° C., cst: 86.5
Nitrogen, mg/kg: 2,700
Hydrogen sulfide, mass %: ND1
Vanadium, mg/kg: 16
Nickel, mg/kg: 5.4
Sodium, mg/kg: 140
Salt as NaCl, mg/l.: 470
Wax content, mass %: 7.2
Flash point, °C.: ≤15
Water content, mass %: 0.91
Pentanes to 65° C.
Yield on crude, mass %: 0.40
Yield on crude, vol %: 0.52
Density at 15° C., kg/l.: 0.6960
Specific gravity at 60/60° F.: 0.6961
API gravity at 60/60° F.: 71.8
Mercaptan sulfur, mg/kg: <3
n-Paraffins, mass %: 14.2
i-Paraffins, mass %: 47.5
Naphthenes, mass %: 36.0
Aromatics (incl. benzene), mass %: 2.3
n-Paraffins, vol %: 15.3
i-Paraffins, vol %: 50.4
Naphthenes, vol %: 32.5
Aromatics (incl. benzene), vol %: 1.8
Vapor pressure (DVPE1), kPa: NES1
Research octane no. (RON): NES
Motor octane no. (MON): NES
Research octane no. (RON): NES2
Motor octane no. (MON): NES2
65-90° C.
Yield on crude, mass %: 0.39
Yield on crude, vol %: 0.49
Density at 15° C., kg/l.: 0.7361
Specific gravity at 60/60° F.: 0.7363
API gravity at 60/60° F.: 60.7
Sulfur, mass %: <0.001
Mercaptan sulfur, mg/kg: <3
n-Paraffins, mass %: 5.4
i-Paraffins, mass %: 26.9
Naphthenes, mass %: 64.7
Aromatics (incl. benzene), mass %: 3.0
Benzene, mass %: 1.1
n-Paraffins, vol %: 6.0
i-Paraffins, vol %: 29.4
Naphthenes, vol %: 62.0
Aromatics (incl. benzene), vol %: 2.5
Benzene, vol %: 0.9
Vapor pressure (DVPE), kPa: NES
Research octane no. (RON): NES
Motor octane no. (MON): NES
Research octane no. (RON): NES2
Motor octane no. (MON): NES2
Nitrogen, mg/kg: <1
90-150° C.
Yield on crude, mass %: 1.73
Yield on crude, vol %: 2.02
Density at 15° C., kg/l.: 0.7759
Specific gravity at 60/60° F.: 0.7762
API gravity at 60/60° F.: 50.8
Sulfur, mass %: 0.002
Mercaptan sulfur, mg/kg: <3
n-Paraffins, mass %: 1.9
i-Paraffins, mass %: 17.7
Naphthenes, mass %: 65.9
Aromatics (incl. benzene), mass %: 14.6
Benzene, mass %: 0.1
n-Paraffins, vol %: 2.1
i-Paraffins, vol %: 19.2
Naphthenes, vol %: 65.7
Aromatics (incl. benzene), vol %: 13.0
Benzene, vol %: 0.1
Flash point, °C.: <10
Research octane no. (RON): NES
Motor octane no. (MON): NES
Research octane no. (RON): NES2
Motor octane no. (MON): NES2
Nitrogen, mg/kg: <1
150-180° C.
Yield on crude, mass %: 1.43
Yield on crude, vol %: 1.65
Density at 15° C., kg/l.: 0.8120
Specific gravity at 60/60° F.: 0.8123
API gravity at 60/60° F.: 42.7
Sulfur, mass %: 0.015
Mercaptan sulfur, mg/kg: <3
Copper corrosion: 2a
Total acid no., mg KOH/g: 0.01
n-Paraffins, mass %: 1.3
i-Paraffins, mass %: 22.4
Naphthenes, mass %: 56.1
Aromatics, mass %: 20.3
n-Paraffins, vol %: 1.4
i-Paraffins, vol %: 24.3
Naphthenes, vol %: 55.4
Aromatics, vol %: 18.9
Aromatics (HPLC1)
Total, mass %: 19.0
Monoaromatics, mass %: 19.0
Diaromatics, mass %: <0.1
Polycyclic aromatics, mass %: <0.1
Naphthalenes, vol %: 0.03
Aniline point, °C.: 42.3
Smoke point, mm: 20.0
Flash point, °C.: NES
Cetane index (D-976): 20.2
Calculated cetane index (D-4737): 24.3
Kin. vis. at 20° C., cst: 1.21
Kin. vis. at 50° C., cst: 0.84
Nitrogen, mg/kg: <1
Distillation D-86 (50%), °C.: 161.6
180-240° C.
Yield on crude, mass %: 6.05
Yield on crude, vol %: 6.72
Density at 15° C., kg/l.: 0.8459
Specific gravity at 60/60° F.: 0.8463
API gravity at 60/60° F.: 35.7
Sulfur, mass %: 0.043
Mercaptan sulfur, mg/kg: <3
Copper corrosion: 1a
Total acid no., mg KOH/g: 0.02
Aromatics (HPLC1)
Total, mass %: 21.3
Monoaromatics, mass %: 18.7
Diaromatics, mass %: 2.6
Polycyclic aromatics, mass %: <0.1
Naphthalenes, vol %: 1.70
Aniline point, °C.: 50.2
Smoke point, mm: 18.0
Freezing point, °C.: <–60
Cloud point, °C.: <–48
Cold filter plugging point, °C.: <–48
Pour point, °C.: <–48
Cetane number: 33.4
Cetane index (D-976): 31.1
Calculated cetane index (D-4737): 30.2
Kin. vis. at 20° C., cst: 2.17
Kin. vis. at 50° C., cst: 1.34
Nitrogen, mg/kg: <1
Distillation D-86 (50%), °C.: 208.5
240-320° C.
Yield on crude, mass %: 15.47
Yield on crude, vol %: 16.43
Density at 15° C., kg/l.: 0.8850
Specific gravity at 60/60° F.: 0.8855
API gravity at 60/60° F.: 28.3
Sulfur, mass %: 0.224
Total acid no., mg KOH/g: 0.27
Aromatics (HPLC1)
Total, mass %: 36.2
Monoaromatics, mass %: 25.0
Diaromatics, mass %: 11.0
Polycyclic aromatics, mass %: 0.2
Aniline point, °C.: 53.8
Cloud point, °C.: –36
Cold filter plugging point, °C.: –33
Pour point, °C.: –36
Cetane number: 39.2
Cetane index (D-976): 38.4
Calculated cetane index (D-4737): 37.9
Kin. vis. at 20° C., cst: 6.56
Kin. vis. at 50° C., cst: 3.00
Nitrogen, mg/kg: 15
Basic nitrogen, mass %: 0.002
Distillation D-86 (50%), °C.: 274.4
320-375° C.
Yield on crude, mass %: 11.51
Yield on crude, vol %: 11.75
Density at 15° C., kg/l.: 0.9199
Specific gravity at 60/60° F.: 0.9204
API gravity at 60/60° F.: 22.2
Sulfur, mass %: 0.619
Total acid no., mg KOH/g: 1.6
Aromatics (HPLC)
Total, mass %: 44.7
Monoaromatics, mass %: 27.5
Diaromatics, mass %: 14.0
Polycyclic aromatics, mass %: 3.2
Aniline point, °C.: 57.8
Watson K-factor: 11.3
Cloud point, °C.: –9
Cold filter plugging point, °C.: 313
Pour point, °C.: –9
Cetane number: 41.2
Cetane index (D-976): 38.6
Calculated cetane index (D-4737): 42.3
Conradson carbon residue, mass %: <0.10
Kin. vis. at 20° C., cst: 35.4
Kin. vis. at 50° C., cst: 9.61
Kin. vis. at 100° C., cst: 2.82
Nitrogen, mg/kg: 210
Basic nitrogen, mass %: 0.011
Refractive index at 67° C.: 1.491
Distillation D-86 (50%), °C.: 337.1
375-420º C.
Yield on crude, mass %: 8.51
Yield on crude, vol %: 8.48
Density at 15° C., kg/l.: 0.9426
Specific gravity at 60/60° F., 0.9432
API gravity at 60/60° F.: 18.5
Sulfur, mass %: 0.748
Total acid no., mg KOH/g: 2.2
Aniline point, °C.: 69.0
Watson K-factor: 11.5
Pour point, °C.: 15
Conradson carbon residue, mass %: <0.10
Kin. vis. at 50° C., cst: 45.8
Kin. vis. at 100° C., cst: 7.25
Vanadium, mg/kg: <0.1
Nickel, mg/kg: <0.1
Nitrogen, mg/kg: 880
Basic nitrogen, mass %: 0.033
Refractive index at 67° C.: 1.504
420-525º C.
Yield on crude, mass %: 21.35
Yield on crude, vol %: 20.96
Density at 15° C., kg/l.: 0.9575
Specific gravity at 60/60° F., 0.9581
API gravity at 60/60° F.: 16.2
Sulfur, mass %: 0.869
Total acid no., mg KOH/g: 3.1
Aniline point, °C.: 73.1
Watson K-factor: 11.5
Pour point, °C.: 27
Conradson carbon residue, mass %: 0.26
Kin. vis. at 50° C., cst: 211
Kin. vis. at 100° C., cst: 17.7
Vanadium, mg/kg: <0.1
Nickel, mg/kg: <0.1
Nitrogen, mg/kg: 1,900
Basic nitrogen, mass %: 0.057
Refractive index at 67° C.: 1.514
375°+ C.
Yield on crude, mass %: 62.61
Yield on crude, vol %: 59.73
Density at 15° C., kg/l.: 0.9852
Specific gravity at 60/60° F.: 0.9858
API gravity at 60/60° F.: 12.0
Sulfur, mass %: 1.164
Total acid no., mg KOH/g: 2.6
Aniline point, °C.: 75.8
Watson K-factor: 11.5
Pour point, °C.: 15
Conradson carbon residue, mass %: 8.52
Asphaltenes, mass %: 1.8
n-Pentane insoluble, mass %: 5.4
Ash, mass %: 0.010
Kin. vis. at 80° C., cst: 346
Kin. vis. at 100° C., cst: 119
Vanadium, mg/kg: 29
Nickel, mg/kg: 9.7
Nitrogen, mg/kg: 4,300
Basic nitrogen, mass %: 0.126
Refractive index at 67° C.: 1.539
525°+ C.
Yield on crude, mass %: 32.75
Yield on crude, vol %: 30.29
Density at 15° C., kg/l.: 41.0159
Specific gravity at 60/60° F.: 1.0166
API gravity at 60/60° F.: 7.7
Sulfur, mass %: 1.436
Aniline point, °C.: 117
Pour point, °C.: 51
Conradson carbon residue, mass %: 16.8
Asphaltenes, mass %: 3.9
n-Pentane insoluble, mass %: 10.0
Ash, mass %: 0.064
Kin. vis. at 135° C., cst: 335
Kin. vis. at 145° C., cst: 211
Vanadium, mg/kg: 53
Nickel, mg/kg: 18
Nitrogen, mg/kg: 7,000
Basic nitrogen, mass %: 0.191
Penetration at 25° C., 0.1 mm: 40 mm
Composition, mass %
Normal paraffins
Methane: <0.01
Ethane: 0.03
Propane: 0.11
Butane: 0.07
Pentane: 0.04
Hexane: 0.03
Heptane: 0.02
Octane: 0.04
Nonane: 0.04
Total n-paraffins: 0.37
C4 hydrocarbons
i-Butane: 0.08
C5 hydrocarbons
Isoparaffins
2,2-Dimethylpropane: <0.01
Isopentane: 0.08
Total C5 isoparaffins: 0.08
Naphthenes
Cyclopentane: 0.02
C6 hydrocarbons
Isoparaffins
2,2-Dimethylbutane: <0.01
2,3-Dimethylbutane: 0.02
2-Methylpentane: 0.06
3-Methylpentane: 0.05
Total C6 isoparaffins: 0.13
Naphthenes
Methylcyclopentane: 0.08
Cyclohexane: 0.19
Total C6 naphthenes: 0.27
Aromatics
Benzene: 0.01
C7 hydrocarbons
Isoparaffins
2,2,3-Trimethylbutane: <0.01
3,3-Dimethylpentane: <0.01
2,4- Dimethylpentane: 0.02
2-Methylhexane: 0.02
2,3-Dimethylpentane: 0.03
3-Methylhexane: 0.04
2,2-Dimethylpentane: <0.01
Total C7 isoparaffins: 0.11
Naphthenes
cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane: 0.04
trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane: 0.03
trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane: 0.07
Methylcyclohexane: 0.44
Ethylcyclopentane: 0.02
1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane: 0.03
Total C7 naphthenes: 0.63
Aromatics
Toluene: 0.09
C8 hydrocarbons
Isocompounds
2,5-Dimethylhexane: 0.01
2,4-Dimethylhexane: 0.02
3,3-Dimethylhexane: <0.01
2,3-Dimethylhexane: 0.01
2-Methyl 3-ethylpentane: <0.01
2-Methylheptane: <0.01
4-Methylheptane: 0.02
2,3,4-Trimethylpentane: <0.01
Total C8 isoparaffins: 0.06
Naphthenes
1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane (incl. 2,2-dimethylhexane): 0.03
trans, cis-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentane: 0.02
trans, cis-1,2,3-Trimethylcyclopentane: 0.02
1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane: 0.02
trans-1-Methyl-3-ethylcyclopentane: <0.01
cis-1-Methyl-3-ethylcyclopentane: <0.01
trans-1-Methyl-2-ethylcyclopentane: 0.02
trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane: 0.05
Isopropylcyclopentane: <0.01
cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane: 0.01
Ethylcyclohexane (incl. n-propylcyclopentane): 0.12
1-Methyl-1-ethylcyclopentane: <0.01
1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopentane: 0.02
Unidentified C8 naphthenes: 0.16
Total C8 naphthenes: 0.48
Aromatics
Ethylbenzene: 0.04
m-Dimethylbenzene (xylene): 0.09
p-Dimethylbenzene (xylene): 0.03
o-Dimethylbenzene (xylene): 0.07
Total C8 aromatics: 0.23
C9 hydrocarbons
Isoparaffins
3,5-Dimethylheptane: 0.06
4-Methyloctane: <0.01
2-Methyloctane: 0.02
3-Methyloctane: <0.01
2,3-Dimethylheptane: 0.03
3,4-Dimethylheptane: 0.02
4-Ethylheptane: <0.01
2,3,4-Trimethylhexane: <0.01
Total C9 isoparaffins: 0.13
Naphthenes
1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane: <0.01
1,1,4-Trimethylcyclohexane: 0.02
Unidentified C9 naphthenes: 0.10
Total C9 naphthenes: 0.13
Total identified: 2.8123
Total unidentified: 0.0748
Total C10+: 97.1130
1ND: not detectable; NES = not enough sample; DVPE = dry vapor pressure equivalent; HPLC = high-performance liquid chromatography. 2Corrected in accordance with EN 228. 3CFPP high due to velocity effects. 4Calculated density for 525o+ fraction.
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